The coordination relationship between R D personnel agglomeration and scientific and technological innovation ability in 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) of China from 2010 to 2016 was studied. The agglomeration level of R D personnel in provincial colleges and universities is measured by location entropy. The scientific and technological projects, funds, achievements, awards, and technology transfer are comprehensively considered, and the scientific and technological innovation ability is calculated by factor analysis. The coordination relationship between R D personnel agglomeration and scientific and technological innovation ability is analyzed by coordinated development coefficient and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. At present, there are obvious regional differences and imbalances in the distribution of R D personnel in colleges and universities in China. The provinces with high degree of agglomeration are mainly concentrated in the eastern and northeastern regions. The distribution of the innovation ability of provincial universities is consistent with the degree of regional economic development, showing a trend of “high in the East and low in the west”. There is a correlation between R D personnel agglomeration and the innovation ability, but the overall coordination is low, and the lag of R D personnel agglomeration and the lag of the innovation capability exist. In the new historical stage, the rational and orderly flow of R D personnel in universities should be guaranteed on the basis of relative stability, regional university cooperation should be strengthened, and the environment of innovation should be optimized. The research provides guidance for ensuring the coordinated development of R D personnel agglomeration and the innovative ability in Colleges and universities.