With the rapid growth of carbon dioxide emissions, global warming has become an indisputable fact. The international community has made common efforts to tackle climate change in a positive way. By the end of 2020, more than 40 countries and economies officially announced their carbon neutrality targets. As fossil energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions continue to grow in China, the global share shows a gradual upward trend as well. To improve the quality of development and highlight the responsibility of great powers, the peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality goals are needed to strengthen scientifically. At the same time, the development of the peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality have profound significance and influence on China’s economy and society, in terms of altering energy structure and industry distribution in a revolutionary way. While facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges, strategic thinking should be applied to the peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality to move forward. With finding the right starting point, all the work could be implemented steadily in stages, and strive to achieve high-quality low-carbon innovation and development of economy and society.