How to more effectively play the role of human capital at different levels of education in the process of China’s industrial structure optimization is studied. Firstly，based on the goal of promoting employment，the structural impact index is set up to calculate the industrial structure optimization index of China’s provinces during the period of 2005?2018. Secondly，the Spatial Dubin Model is used to analyze the impact of human capital on different levels of education on China’s industrial structure optimization index. The results show as follows. It is negative that the change in the proportion of human capital in primary education directly impacts on the optimization of the industrial structure in the three regions of the Eastern，Central and western regions in China，and it also shows an increasing trend from east to west，only the space spillover effect of the western region is significant. It is positive and significant that the increase in the proportion of human capital in secondary education directly impacts on the optimization of industrial structure in the central and western regions in China，and it is not significant in Eastern region；It is positive and significant that the increase in the proportion of human capital in high education directly impacts on the optimization and of industrial structure in the Eastern，Central and Western regions in China. Among them，the spatial spillover effect in the eastern region is the most significant.