Taking a perspective of technology learning and catching-up, this paper looks into the characteristics of key actors’ technology learning and catching-up behaviors as well as the logical compliance behind the industrial development histories of power generation ,rail transit equipment, aerospace equipment and automobile. The purpose is to get some lights on future directions of grasping core manufacturing technologies and restructuring national competitive advantages. This paper finds four characteristics, including manufacturing process precedes R D capability improvement, domestic market competition “controlled” but partly “out of control”, “Institutional Market" provides crucial learning and catching-up opportunities, new national system preference. The logical compliance includes complex and dynamic game play among multiple stakeholders, failure of policy coordination and overlapping erosion of short-term performance goals on strategy, decentralized administrative decision-making model and decentralization system and such alike. Finally, seven enlightenments from two major directions are given .