Anhui is situated at central China, the economical level is lower, belongs to the undeveloped area. Changes and improvement its economic potentiality and the status, becomes the most important development work of Anhui Province. Whether Economic potentiality improves and whether industrial structure is reasonable has close relationship. This article rests on the industrial economics the basic principle, carries on the analysis to the Anhui Province industrial structure historical evolution, then carries on the empirical analysis to its industrial structure competitive ability level. The result showed that, the Anhui Province industrial structure departure is higher, the industrial structure Benefit is lower, which leads to the overall industry competitive ability level not to he high. In view of the actual problem, the article propose a series of countermeasures on promotion of the Anhui industrial structure competitive ability.