The spatial measurement model is used to empirically analyze the panel data from 28 provinces of China from 2010 to 2019, study the spatial change of inter-provincial innovation performance spillover effect, analyze the spillovers of three-dimensional distance on provincial innovation performance, and explore how to promote the positive spatial spillover effects from innovation-strong province innovation performance through the construction of regional innovation capacity.It is found that the provincial innovation performance has return effects on neighboring provinces from low to high growth; in the high growth stage, it has reteurn effects on spatial neighbor and geographical proximity with large economic level gap; and positive spatial spillover effects on spatial proximity, geographical proximity and economic distance.The closer the economic development level, the more obvious the original innovation power to promote the regional innovation performance spillover effects, and it shows an inverted U-shaped curve; the economic level gap is the key factor for the gap between the direct and indirect effects of technological innovation; the spatial proximity and geographical proximity are the key factors of the positive spillover of achievement transformation force.