Enterprise green innovation is an important support to promote high-quality development. With the implementation of 《Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China (revised in 2022)》, the impact of market power on enterprises’ green innovation is more worthy of academic attention. The organizational inertia theory and legitimacy theory were integrated, and an interpretation framework with corporate social responsibility as the conduction path were constructed.On the basis of literature review, strategic corporate social responsibility and responsive corporate social responsibility were distinguished, and the mediating role of the two in the relationship between market power and green innovation were discussed. Based on the empirical study of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies, the results show that market power has a negative impact on green innovation, strategic corporate social responsibility has a hiding effect, and responsive corporate social responsibility plays a mediating effect. The research conclusion helps to explain the differences in the behavioral tendencies and paths of enterprises with different market forces to promote green innovation through social responsibility in the context of China, thus providing theoretical reference for the policy making and management practice of green innovation.