Driven by the new round of technological revolution, the digital economy is booming and has a significant impact on the economy and society. Analyzing its input-output structure and industrial linkage characteristics is important for utilizing the driving and supporting ability of digital economy, promoting China’s economic growth and the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure. This paper portrays the input-output structure and industrial correlation of digital economy by using China’s competitive input-output tables in 2017, 2018, and 2020. The results are as follows. First, digital industry is an important intermediate inputs and upstream demand sector of traditional manufacturing and service industries. Second, in terms of static industrial linkage, the degree of industrial integration between traditional industries and digital industry is still low, while digital industry has a significant impact on the production process of traditional manufacturing and traditional service industries. Third, in terms of dynamic industrial linkage, digital manufacturing has an extremely strong demand-pulling effect on various industries in the national economy, but other industries have a small overall pulling effect on digital industry. Based on these conclusions, we put forward some suggestions for promoting the development of digital economy.