The deep integration of talent with industry and innovation poses an important challenge for strengthening talent support for modernization. However, the theoretical development on the integration of talent supporting industry and innovation is stagnant, and the future direction urgently needs to be clarified. Based on a combination of bibliometric and content analysis methods, this study conducted a feature analysis, keyword analysis, and content analysis of 304 domestic literature and 233 international literature in the CSSCI and WOS core databases to construct a research framework for the integration of talent supporting industry and innovation. The results indicate that the number of domestic and international literature is increasing, but there are four issues: (1) a lack of mature academic community at the dialogue level; (2) vague concepts and fragmented theories at the theoretical level; (3) a lack of a fixed methodology at the methodological level; (4) imbalance in attention to the forward and backward linkages of talent integration, and the core research still needs to be enriched at the mechanism level. Based on these findings, this study reflects on the current problems in the field from the above four aspects and proposes future research directions.