New quality productive forces, spurred by scientific and technological innovation, are the key driving factors leading global innovative and sustainable development. Science and technology innovation enterprises, as the core force driving technological breakthroughs, play a crucial role in promoting the development of new quality productive forces in China. Therefore, exploring how these enterprises leverage technological breakthroughs to achieve the formation of new quality productive forces is of paramount importance. Based on resource orchestration theory, Chengzhi Yonghua was taken as a case study and employs an exploratory case analysis method to deeply analyze the process of how science and technology innovation enterprises utilize breakthroughs in key core technologies to promote the formation of new quality productive forces. It finds that in the three stages of material technology breakthrough, full-chain technology upgrading, and multi-dimensional industrial layout, core technologies have advanced from autonomy to diversification and then to high-end development. Driven by resource orchestration strategies, the strategic positioning has shifted from domestic technology breakthrough to market expansion leadership and finally to technology innovation leadership, while the productive forces have evolved from a substitutive form to an innovative form and ultimately to new quality productive forces. It opens the “black box” of the process by which breakthroughs in key core technologies by science and technology innovation enterprises drive the formation of new quality productive forces, providing practical guidance for the development of new quality productive forces within these enterprises under the context of technological innovation