Against the backdrop of intensifying global climate change and the frequent occurrence of extreme weather events, the adoption of adaptive technologies by farming households is regarded as the micro-level foundation for constructing agricultural disaster prevention systems. Based on field survey data collected from 561 farming households across three major edible bean producing regions in China, this study took drought-resistant measures as the research object and systematically investigated the driving mechanisms behind farmers’ adoption of climate-adaptive technologies. The findings indicate that, first, climate disaster shocks serve as a core factor driving farmers’ adoption of drought-resistant technologies, although the intensity of this effect exhibits heterogeneity. Such shocks significantly promote the adoption of drought-resistant seeds, adjustments in planting structure, changes in sowing or harvesting time, and the use of meteorological services, yet they show no significant effect on increasing irrigation, reflecting the presence of resource constraints as a threshold for adaptive technology adoption. Second, the willingness to pay is the fundamental prerequisite for determining the technical payment capacity of farmers, and the formation of this willingness is mainly driven by the severity of the disaster. This study reveals a transmission mechanism of “disaster-driven, technology-differentiated, willingness-dominated, and capacity-constrained” in farmers’ technology adoption behavior, providing micro-level empirical evidence for improving agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation policies and optimizing the delivery model of meteorological services.