| 摘要: |
| 基于历史文献法收集整理了《四川两千年洪水史料汇编》中嘉陵江清代洪水碑刻的碑文记录，并利用Gibbs-Mirtin多样化指数法分析洪水碑刻记录的空间分布特征。结果发现：清朝时期，嘉陵江流域共有洪水碑刻记录55通，月份明确可辨的有36通。空间上整体分布不均，下游多于中上游，其中嘉陵江干流28通（20通有明确月份；Gibbs-Mirtin多样化指数为0.46，上游仅有零星分布，相对集中于中下游），渠江16通（10通有明确月份；Gibbs-Mirtin多样化指数为0.71，各河段均有分布），涪江11通（6通有明确月份；Gibbs-Mirtin多样化指数为0，仅集中于下游的重庆市）。洪水碑刻记录在年内主要分布于6、7、8、9四个月，洪水碑刻清晰记录了清代1679年（2通）、1840年（3通）、1870年（17通）、1903年（2通）4次特大洪水，洪水碑刻记录的嘉陵江流域清代洪水的发生频率为7 a一洪。清代嘉陵江洪水碑刻记录反映了流域夏秋季洪水较多，这与嘉陵江流域的亚热带湿润季风气候、多洪齐发的扇状水系、低山丘陵-谷坝地形、松散的土壤质地以及“湖广填川”时期毁林垦荒导致的水土流失与河道淤积有关。 |
| 关键词: 嘉陵江 洪水碑刻 清代 雨洪河流 |
| DOI：10.7515/JEE201705002 |
| CSTR：32259.14.JEE201705002 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:西华师范大学博士科研启动基金(15E002，15E003)；西华师范大学科研业务项目(16C003)；国家自然科学基金项目（41671220）；大学生创新创业训练计划项目（cxcy2016117） |
| 英文基金项目:Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of China West Normal University (15E002, 15E003); Fundamental Research Funds of China West Normal University (16C003); National Nature Science Foundation of China (41671220); Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (cxcy2016117) |
|
| The regime and causes of the Jialing River floods in Qing Dynasty based on inscription records |
|
LI Weipeng, FU Runde, LIANG Qidan, YE Yunjia, WEN Xingyue, DONG Haiying
|
|
1. Land and Resources College, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
2. Research Center for Regional Environmental Evolution and Conservation, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
3. School of Chinese Language and Literature, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
|
| Abstract: |
| Background, aim, and scope Jialing River, the important sub-basin river of the upper Yangtze River with the most extensive area, has always threaten the lives along the river, especially in the middle and lower reaches. The historical records of the past floods, such as historical documents and inscription, have taken more and more attention under the frequently extreme weather and climate for their reference to the current flood prevention. Materials and methods The floods inscription records of Jialing River in Qing Dynasty were collected, extracted and tallied up based on the Compiled historical data of Sichuan floods in two thousand years by historical and documental method, and their spacial characteristics were analyzed by GIS mapping and Gibbs-Mirtin diversity index. Results The results showed that: there were 55 floods inscription records for Jialing River in Qing Dynasty, 36 of which with clear time. The records were unevenly distributed in space and time on the whole. It tended to be more records from the upper to the lower reaches. There were 28 records in the mainstream of Jialing River (20 with clear month information; with a Gibbs-Mirtin index 0.46, concentrated in middle to lower reaches while sparse doted in the upper reach), 16 records in Qujiang River (10 with clear month information; with a Gibbs-Mirtin index 0.71, relatively evenly distributed along the river), 11 records in Fujiang River (6 with clear month information; with a Gibbs-Mirtin index 0, only concentrated in lower reach city Chongqing). It also tended to be more records ranged in June to September in a year; for inter annual records, 4 historical extraordinary flood events of Jialing River during Qing Dynasty were obviously recorded by the inscription: floods in 1679 (2 records), floods in 1840 (3 records), floods in 1870 (17 records), and floods in 1903 (2 records). The flood interval turned to be 7 years. Discussion The paper was mainly based on the interpretation of the historical relics from the floods description carved on the stone, which are the “off and on” reflections of the historical floods and supplements of historical material, effected more or less by the educational and expression level of their recorders, and inevitably encounter deterioration over time. Furthermore, most of the floods recorded in the inscription tend to be more qualitative rather than quantitative, and there are obviously differences between the present expression and historical expression. So the floods inscription records has some inherent uncertainties, which should be cross validated by other historical archives, such as history documents and ancient Chinese literature in further study. Conclusions The distribution of inscription records reveals that floods took place frequently in downstream of Jialing River in Qing Dynasty. The main reasons for the frequent floods and the inscription records should be the low mountains and hills terrain under subtropical humid monsoon climate, fanned drainage system with almost synchronous rainfall and loose red loam, and the water loss and soil erosion-channel deposition resulted from the deforest and reclamation in Qing Dynasty. Recommendations and perspectives The study reflected floods characteristic in Qing Dynasty based on historical inscription of floods, and offer scientific statistic analysis of Jialing River floods for current floods protect measures. |
| Key words: Jialing River floods inscriptions Qing Dynasty storm flood river |
