| 摘要: |
| 松属（Pinus L.）约113种，是松科现代属中最原始的类群。松属植物种类丰富且研究领域广泛，对其已经积累的资料数据进行系统梳理总结十分必要。本文通过总结国内外松属大化石资料，结合分子系统发育、地质背景和地理隔离事件讨论了其地史分布及植物地理学意义；该属化石在早白垩世至全新世地层中均有记录。化石证据表明松属很可能在早白垩世（之前）起源于西欧地区，从这一起源地通过北大西洋陆桥扩散到北美洲东部，而东亚的类群可能是从北美洲西部经过白令陆桥散布的。在晚白垩世分化出双维管束松亚属Subgenus Pinus L.及单维管束松亚属Subgenus Strobus (D. Don) Lemmon，前者更接近祖先类群。古新世由于全球显著增温以及白垩纪末期大灭绝等地质事件的影响使松属数量急剧减少，在晚始新世至中新世时期随着气温转凉转冷再次分化扩散，中新世达到其发展高峰且分布面貌与现代类群近似。松属多样性时空历史可能和新生代气候变迁及晚新生代构造运动塑造的山地隆升等环境变化紧密相关。 |
| 关键词: 松属 地理迁移 化石记录 单维管束松亚属 双维管束松亚属 |
| DOI：10.7515/JEE221001 |
| CSTR：32259.14.JEE221001 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目（41872017）；现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室（中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所）开放课题基金项目（183125，193113）；陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目（2019JM-401） |
| 英文基金项目:National Natural Science Foundation of China (41872017); Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS) (183125, 193113); Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province (2019JM-401) |
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| Fossils history of Pinus and its implications in biogeography |
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HU Yi, LIANG Lina, XIAO Liang, LI Xiangchuan
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1. College of Earth Science and Resources, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
3. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
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| Abstract: |
| Background, aim, and scope Among the modern genera of the Pinaceae, Pinus is the most primitive and largest group with about 113 species and shows two diversity centers primarily distributed in North America and East Asia, respectively. With extensive research updates of Pinus, it is essential to concentrate on reviewing known Pinus macrofossils and their relationship with past climate change and geographic vicariance to obtain a better understanding of their history and evolution. Materials and methods In this study, we summarized known fossil records of Pinus all over the world, and analyzed the relationship between the history of Pinus and geologic events as well as climate change during different time intervals, and how past and extant geographic distributions formed. Results So far, the earliest reliable record of Pinus is from the Early Cretaceous of England. During the Paleogene, only one fossil species of Pinus is documented from the Paleocene, and then the number of Pinus representatives increases in the Eocene to Oliogence and the coeval stratigraphic occurrences are found in China, Japan, British Columbia, Siberia, Transcaucasia as well as Germany. In the Miocene, Pinus was distributed much widely wider and showed the greatest diversity in the geological time. In the Pliocene, the number of fossil species and the geographic range of Pinus decreased markedly. In the Pleistocene, the number of Pinus species possibly further reduced according to the scarcity of known records from the geologic span. Discussion The species richness and distribution of Pinus are varying through the geologic time. But the overall diversity of pine species shows an increasing trend, which to some extent reflects the ability of the species to adapt to a gradually cooling climate, while fewer fossils were found in the Paleocene period, probably influenced by the climate and the biological extinction at the end of the Cretaceous, and pine plants are recovering. In general, this phenomenon may be related to such abiotic impacts as global climate change, mountain uplift, fires and sea-land distribution. Conclusions The Pinus fossils data indicate that: (1) Pinus probably originated in western Europe during the Early Cretaceous, and rapidly dispersed to North America via the North Atlantic Land Bridge, and then migrated between North America and Asia over the Bering Land Bridge during the Late Cretaceous; (2) the genus began to be widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere during the Late Cretaceous; (3) the diversification of the two subgenera were estimated to be in the Late Cretaceous. Recommendations and perspectives A deep understanding of the evolution and geographic migration of Pinus still requires more lines of undisputed paleobotanical evidence, especially from the critical periods (e.g., the Paleocene). |
| Key words: Pinus geological migration fossil record subgenus Pinus subgenus Strobus |
